Kayla+Allen

Below is a link to a story I wrote about the life cycle of a star.

[] To scientist, infrared has became a major study in astronomy because of the fast growth in infrared detector technology. In the US, the research has risen in the 1980’s. The technology created detects infrared radiation, longer wavelengths and lower energy. These astronomers depend on devices to help them identify radiation. In the 1950s, the astronomers in that time used thermocouples and thermopiles. They began to use Lead-sulphide devices to learn about infrared radiation in a 1 to 4 micron range. When the infrared in this range decrease on a Lead-sulphide cell it’ll change the confrontation of the cell. This alter in the confrontation can be calculated and linked to the sum of the radiation to which it falls upon. In the early 1960s, a new instrument was discovered. The germanium bolometer was more responsive than the previous detectors created and was able to detect all infrared wavelengths. This device works its finest in low temperatures. This kind of detector is also aware to the entire range of infrared wavelengths. To learn about a wavelength of radiation, astronomers place filters in front of the device, and to filter out all the preferred wavelengths. This type of equipment continues to progress at a faster rate than any other field in astronomy and still brings more thrilling information of the universe. I wonder will there be another detector that is better than this one. It seems as if they spent their time designing this one could they create another detector that works in high temperatures? http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110202133321.htm There are required observations to confirm that there are more planets in the universe. Kepler discovered six definite planets orbiting a sun-like star, just like ours. This discovery is the biggest group of transiting planets orbiting a solitary star found outside our solar system. The discovery is a part of a few hundred new planets identified in the new Kepler science data. The findings were released on February 1, 2011 and the number of planets identified by Kepler grew to 1,235. 54 of the planets are fit for a human habitation, five are near the size of Earth, and the 49 that’s left vary from super-sized Earth to twice the size of Earth- larger than Jupiter. Kepler’s view from the sky covered 1/400 of the sky, and the research that resulted from the findings were conducted May 12 to September 17, 2009, more than 156,000 stars. Kepler -11 determined that the evidence was 2,000 light years from earth. All the planets that are orbiting Kepler-11 are bigger than Earth, and the biggest ones being compared to Uranus and Neptune. Kepler, a telescope that is orbiting in space looks for planets by the important sum of light gas, which informs us that they were created a few millions of years in the system’s development. The alterations of the planets in the livable zone of the sun-like stars appear once a year and requires three alterations for confirmation, it was calculated to take three years to locate and confirm the Earth-size planets. The astronomers that developed Kepler used telescopes to examine studies on the planets and other objects of importance to the spacecraft findings. I strongly believe that there are other universes just like ours, and a earth like ours with creatures. The astronomers today and in the future will get as far as nobody else will when it comes to seeking other planets like earth, but when they do come across them something dangerous or beneficial will happen.

[|**http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110224091735.htm**] Extra planets have been known to be present outside our solar system since 1995. When scientists search for life outside our universe they tend to focus on the outer planets that are found in the livable zone. The sun orbits at a space where the temperatures on the surface of the planets allow water to be present. Water is a vital element for life. Heller (an astronomer) and his parteners have studied that tides are caused by a low mass stars, and was informed that tidal waves alter the fixed theory of the livable zone. Heller has defined this into three different effects. The start with, tides are the reason of the axis of a planets rotation. Earth’s axis rotation is 23.5 degrees; effect that causes our seasons. Without tides planets would have a great difference in temperatures between their poles. This would cause severe winds and storms. Secondly, the tides would heat up the exoplanet, the same as Jupiter, which shows volcanism. Lastly, the rotational period of the planet are caused by tides. The moon only shows one part if Earth’s face and the other side are known as “the dark side of the moon.” Half of the exoplanet gets excessive heat from the star although the other half freezes because of forever darkness. Livable zones around low-mass stars are not fit to live in. If something was to go wrong with the Sun's orbital rotation a difference in the Earth's climate will also change. I wonder is this most likely to happen and "If"it does will the astronomers be liable for us to live on the other livable zones.

The new European telescope Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), presents explanations of the pulsars that were made. The telescope is a new production of a huge radio telescope that was created to help us learn about the sky at the lowest radio frequencies that are available from the face of the Earth with unique resolution. In 1967, the first detection of the first pulsar is one of the greatest discoveries in astronomy. Scientists caught a indication of the pulsars by using radio telescopes that are responsive to frequencies of 81MHz. with Low Frequency Array, scientists have went back to the same methods used in the first pulsar observations. LOFAR regulates by using thousands of small antennas spread throughout Europe using high speed internet and using a supercomputer near the Netherlands. The LOFAR does not have any moving parts, but as an alternate it focuses on counting the time that point the telescope in the location it’s suppose to be at. This method works at a more flexible level so that astronomers can examine the numbers. For the scientists who want to look for new pulsars can search the sky much faster. A regular telescope limits the search in the sky for one portion at a time; the LOFAR is relied more on to capture a bigger fraction of the sky. I don't think the LOFAR has been a good help to our world if the science world isn't talking about the plans for it. Or has something happen to the device for them to not say anything. The Europeans had the technology to create a better telescope for the generation to give us more data about the sky. Since the original LOFAR was relied on to capture a bigger portion of the sky, they could capture much more than that.
 * http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110414065115.htm **

Later in the year, LOFAR will be able to discover emissions from the radio aurora of planets like Jupiter. This will be the first study to foresee radio emissions by exoplanetary systems that are the same as Jupiter and Saturn. Both of the planets we see radio waves that are connected with auroras powered by relations with ionized gas escaping from the volcanic moons. The astronomers learned that they could discover emissions from radio auroras from systems like Jupiter orbiting distances as far out as Pluto. Most of the exoplanets have been found by the transit method; it detects a planet with a low light in front of a star. With both of these methods, it’s the best way to discover planets up close. The noticeable stars and the fastest spinning planets, the emissions would be discoverable from systems 150 light years away from Earth. New technology, better generation, the LOFAR can go as far as out of our universe is what I believe. If they got the technology as far out to Jupiter and Saturn then it can go beyond that when they create it to be indestructuable outside of the universe.
 * http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110418084007.htm **

[] Astronomers have set up a mission, SIM Planet Quest, to find an Earth-like planet around the star 40 Eridani. The star is 16 light-years away from Earth and it contains a red orange K dwarf start that is smaller and cooler than our sun. An astronomer has questioned the idea if this device can locate a planet like Earth and if a planet can form around Eridani. The Sun and the Earth are hundreds of astronomical units away from each other, it’s a triple star system says the planetary theorist. The Earth-like planet would have a reason to form around the main star. 40 Eridani is a livable zone, 0.6 astronomical units from its Sun. The SIM Planet Quest is precise enough to calculate the thickness from Earth to the moon and determine the mass of the planet around 40 Eridani. What it would be like on 40 Eridani is the star will emit light at wavelengths that are redder than the sun. The planet Eridani, if its has qualities like earth its bound to have aliens or creatures on it. If we were created so can something on that planet. Since NASA has found the technology to create the device to find another planet like Earth then it should be able to find out more information.

A planet has been discovered to orbit around two Suns! Since this is the first findings of this, astronomers have called this "circumbinary planet" from the evidence that was given. The team of the Study of Life in the Universe used the photometric data that is from the NASA Kepler space telescope; monitors 155,000 stars. The information from the system detected that the stars eclipsed each other from the viewpoint of the Kepler spacecraft. Other astronomers researched that the luminosity of the two stars decrease, also when they aren’t in the position to eclipse. The studies showed that a third item has to be involved, which is known as tertiary and quaternary eclipses. This reoccurs after different times and depths show that the stars are in different locations in their orbit at each occasion. This outcome showed that these types of eclipses were cause by an object circling both stars. The sizes of the different timing of all four of the eclipses showed that the third thing was a planet. This concludes that the planet is not as big as Jupiter but the same as Saturn, and the other two stars are smaller than our sun. I highly believe that NASA can perfect the Kepler telescope. Right now a new universe can be created and right now life can be existing on one of the planets.
 * http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110915141231.htm **

On September 23, 2011, NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) was expected to come back to Earth after six years. Unfortunately the UARS will burn up into pieces in the atmosphere. The public’s safety of the returning satellite is quite small and safety is NASA’s number one priority. Since the late 1950’s, early stages of Space Age, there hasn’t been no reviews of injury from the returning space objects, nor has there been property damage. It’s too early to say if anything that is re-entering Earth’s atmosphere will damage anything or cause injury to anybody. NASA has posted updates about the entry of the manmade objects throughout the 24 hours of that day. The updates came from the Joint Space Operations Center of U.S which tracks all space junk. September 16, 2011, UARS orbited 140 mi by 155 mi. All the parts that made it to Earth’s zone was in between 57 degrees north latitude and 57 degree south latitude. NASA should still be aware of their space objects coming back to earth.
 * http://www.astromart.com/news/news.asp?news_id=1220**

A group of European astronomers have used ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) to locate a star in the Milky Way, although many thought this process is impossible. The star they discovered is made up of hydrogen and helium, with small amounts of other types of chemicals. This star was created in the “forbidden zone”, meaning that it should have never been created in the beginning. The star in the Leo constellation has been found to have the low elements that are heavier than helium (metals) of all of the stars studied. The star has a smaller mass than the Sun and is more than 13 billion years old. Stars like this shouldn’t exist because of the low masses are 0.8 or less and they could have only formed because of a supernova explosion. Heavier elements acted as cooling agents to help give out heated gas clouds to disintegrate and form into stars. The group calculated the different elements that were in the star. HE is a star that was found in 2005 has a low iron abundance but has plenty of carbon. The star was researched is known to have the lowest amount of metals that are heavier than helium.ESO telescopes have been implicated in many discoveries of the most metal-poor stars. A new finding showed that notes with ESO telescopes have let the team make a additional step closer to finding the original age group of stars. Could the planet that has been created, would it have a impact on our universe. The star has been formed in the forbidden zone this could be the cause of the other stars. I don't think the astronomers would ever find where the first star was born in.
 * http://www.astromart.com/news/news.asp?news_id=1221**

[] Tremendous black holes are at the center of functioning galaxies that swallow huge amounts of gas. An international group of astronomers have found a hot “convertor” corona floating above the black hole and cold gas. Not everything around a black hole is being sucked up. During the journey, the inward gas and dust give off huge amounts of x-ray and UV radiation. The radiation causes winds to flow outward. The black hole called Markarian 509 is surrounded by bright shining gas in ultraviolet light. The emissions differentiate in a sync way, and they were studied at a decreased end of the X-ray band. The X-ray and UV calculations are combined in measurements that show most of the viewable flowing gas that is blown off from dusty gas that surrounds the main region more than 15 light years away from the black hole. That flow consists of dense, cold blobs in hot diffused gas. Out of the area the gas that’s in the galaxy is being seen. The gas is a powerfully ionized by the middle X-ray source. In late 2009, five huge telescopes were involved in the 100 day campaign. The campaign involved X-rays and gamma-ray that were repeated. Almost everything can survive outside of a black hole, which would have a effect on the figures that are outside of it. The objects may exist but could possible effect what is on it.